Martin Luther And John Calvin - 1069 Words

Martin Luther and John Calvin were both leaders in the Protestant Reformation. Martin Luther was a monk, or priest, in the Augustinian friars’ order and his ideals were that Catholicism were corrupting the New Testament beliefs and people were saved by faith alone not by buying their way into heaven. John Calvin studied law â€Å"but in 1533 he experienced a religious crisis, as a result of which he converted from Catholicism to Protestantism. Calvin believed that God had specifically selected him to reform the church† (McKay et al., 2015, pg. 448). â€Å"The cornerstone of Calvin’s theology was his belief in the absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God and the total weakness of humanity† (McKay et al., 2015, pg. 448). With the help of the printing press, Martin Luther was able to get his ideas out more quickly. â€Å"Much of central Europe and Scandinavia had broken with the Catholic church I a movement that came to be known as the protestant reformat ion† (McKay et al., 2015, pg. 439). Critics of the church had focused their attacks on immortality, ignorance, and absenteeism of the clergy in the early 16th century. Luther had studied St. Paul’s letters in the New Testament when he realized that â€Å"salvation and justification came through faith, and that faith is a giddy from God, not the result of Hickman effort† (McKay et al., 2015, pg. 440). Luther was troubled that people didn’t have to repent after they would buy these indulgences. â€Å"Christianity rid itself of certain corruptShow MoreRelatedMartin Luther And John Calvin Serve1808 Words   |  8 PagesRegarded as the founding fathers of the Reformation, Martin Luther and John Calvin serve as the foundations for two great trends of Protestantism that revolutionized the world. Beyond what unites them, these men both carried different world views. One has a square face, a rather pudgy body, and is characterized as being egocentric, stubborn, u nwavering (refuses to declined or be declined by anything or anyone), and fancied himself as the center of all gravity. The other has a long face, beard, pointyRead MoreMartin Luther : Freedom Of A Christian And John Calvin1147 Words   |  5 Pagesdivide his empire causing tensions to pull Europe in all different directions. Because of this division, many followers had converted to various competing branches of Protestantism within the Holy Roman empire. The sources, Martin Luther: Freedom of a Christian and John Calvin: Articles Concerning Predestination and The Necessity of Reforming the Church, contained similarities and differences in regards to Church reforms while St. Ignatius of Loyola: A New Kind of Catholicism specifically had slightlyRead MoreMartin Luther and John Calvin as Religious Leaders of the Reformation607 Words   |  3 PagesMartin Luther and John Calvin as Religious Leaders of the Reformation Martin Luther became an Augustinian Monk in 1505. He spent two years studying Scripture before being ordained as a priest. In 1510, Luther was sent to Rome and was shocked by the spiritual laxity. After finishing his theological doctorate, he became a professor at Wittenberg, in 1515, Luther became the district vicar. Luther began to develop his own theology and in 1516 he felt compelled to protestRead MoreMartin Luther And John Calvin Views On Sinful People1908 Words   |  8 PagesMartin Luther and John Calvin  ­ Views on Sinful People Justification by faith (Sola Fide), the core value of the Reformation, is the belief that righteousness from God is a recompense for sinner s accounts through faith alone. The sixteenth- century movement for the reform of abuses in the Roman Catholic Church resulted in the establishment of the Reformed and Protestant Churches. Reformers like Martin Luther and John Calvin were two of the most significant figures in the history of The ReformationRead MoreTheological Differences Between Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin2834 Words   |  12 PagesTHEOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MARTIN LUTHER, ULRICH ZWINGLI AND JOHN CALVIN INTRODUCTION The purpose of this essay is to discuss the significant theological differences that occurred between Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli and John Calvin. To gain a greater understanding of their theological differences it must first be discovered who these prominent men were. Once this is achieved why they longed for reformation will be discovered. In doing so many similarities in what they were trying to bringRead MoreIn spite of the fact that Martin Luther and John Calvin completed impart a percentage of the same1000 Words   |  4 PagesIn spite of the fact that Martin Luther and John Calvin completed impart a percentage of the same convictions, they had numerous components that strongly separated them. Martin Luther had confidence in salvation through acts of kindness, while John Calvin unequivocally had faith in fate. Martin Luther and John Calvins teachings were likewise diverse because of the way that Martin Luther believed in partition of church and state. Notwithstanding their disparities, they did offer the conviction thatRead MoreThe Colonial Period Essay1337 Words   |  6 Pagespresent society through questioning past beliefs. Martin Luther leads the Protestant Reformation. John Calvin expands on the idea of predestination. The Puritans live strictly by the word of the Bible, and the Quakers inspire many people to join them in their friendly lifestyle. All of these people contribute to our society today and brave the face of adversity. Martin Luther, born in 1483, comes from a poor upbringing. Religious as a boy, Martin Luther earns his wages by singing hymns. He later entersRead MoreThe Most Important Results Of The Reformation994 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most important results of the Reformation Era is the Martin Luther 95 theses. Another really important results that impacted the Reformation Era is religion. Religion is really significant back then because of how powerful God or God’s were. These two reasons are what made the most significant impact in the history of the Reformation Era. Martin Luther 95 theses was one of the most important results of the Reformation Era. Martin Luther came up with 95 theses that secured the church door in WittenburgRead MoreProtestant Reformation1706 Words   |  7 PagesTradition (Calvin), and the Anabaptists. Key figures in the Protestants or protesters included John Knox, John Calvin, Zwingli, and Martin Luther. More doctrinal distinctions became obvious, and the previously integrated Christianity split into numerous warring groups. Between the 16th and 17th centuries, thousands of individuals were murdered as a result of Christian religion. In the current world, Protestants and Catholics in the spirit of ecumenism regard themselves as â€Å"brothers in Christ†. Martin LutherRead MoreGovernment And Law In Reformation Theology . The Protestant1105 Words   |  5 PagesGovernment and Law in Reformation Theology The Protestant Reformation’s initiation through Martin Luther’s criticism of the Catholic Church with his Ninety-Five Theses brought about a united front of Huldrych Zwingli, John Calvin, and Martin Luther and their attempts to reform the Catholic Church, all of whom eventually split from the Church and started their own religious movements. As the Reformation movement flourished under each leader, their theological differences eventually split the movements

Unemployment And Its Effects On Society - 1294 Words

Problem Statement Unemployment is a very important problem that it is not only an economic issue, but it is related to the social and political issues. Increasing the level of unemployment will decrease the level of Keynes’ effective demand that is going to increase the investors’ uncertainty and less investments will take place. As a result, the economy as a whole will move from recession to depression and the unemployment is dramatically increasing. On the other hand, unemployment has a direct impact on society in a variety of negative ways. A lot of studies found that the level of crimes and drug users is high among unemployment citizens. The unemployed may consider crime as an alternative path to earn money. Finally, the high level of unemployment, in most cases, could lead to instability in the political system due to protest against the existing political system. In conclusion, unemployment is a complex issue that needs a lot of work to solve it. The full employme nt economic society is a precondition behind economic stabilization and prosperity. This dissertation takes the position that relying on the private sector to solve the problem of unemployment is historically not possible. Therefore, the government intervention towards solving the problem of unemployment is necessary. The government’s responsibility is filling the gap of unemployment by investing in projects that are usually not handled by the private sector due to small margin of profit and high level ofShow MoreRelatedUnemployment And Its Effects On Society923 Words   |  4 Pageswho is available for work, yet he or she does not have any opportunities is called unemployed. When we think of unemployment, we directly refer to a person without a job or â€Å"jobless†. However, we do not consider what were the causes of that situation? Or what was the result? Unemployment has always been a social scourge. It is crucial to understand the causes and effects of unemploym ent because it can happen to almost anyone in this globe. Also, it is equally important to resolve this issue beforeRead MoreUnemployment And Its Effects On Society1020 Words   |  5 PagesUnemployment is when a person who is vigorously looking for employment and is incapable to find work. Unemployment can affect people in a wide range of ways. The effect of idleness has far-reaching consequences. Even those who don t undergo layoffs in an office may find that their jobs or their personal lives have been destructively impacted. Idleness, as stated above, can have a wide range of affects on different types of people, such as refugees in Austria. Walter Renner and Birgit Senft statedRead MoreUnemployment and Its Effect on the Economy and Society3088 Words   |  13 PagesUnemployment is an ongoing problem throughout the world. One may asked, what is unemployment? It is the number of persons who are willing and able to work but are unable to find jobs. Unemployment is harmful to a country because it imposes costs on a Society. The cost of employment to a nation can be categorised under three heading, namely  · The Social Cost  · The Cost to the Exchequer  · The Economic Cost The Social Cost of Unemployment The social cost of involuntary unemployment is incalculableRead MoreA Brief Note On Unemployment And Its Effects On Society1966 Words   |  8 Pagesin Australia DEFINITION Unemployment takes place when a subject who is actively incisive for employment but impotent to find work. Unemployment is frequently seen as a measurement of the economies overall health. When calculating to number of unemployed people in a district is primarily perceived as an ‘unemployment rate’. An unemployment rate is the amount of unemployed subjects divided by the amount of people in the labour force in an area. Characteristics: Unemployment is customarily proratedRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Unemployment1611 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Causes and Effects of Unemployment Travis Epling Strayer University ENG 105 Jeanette Trammel 9/14/14 Causes and Effects of Unemployment There are many reasons for unemployment in the United States and around the world. Some of these causes are created by the individual and others are out of their control. No matter what the cause for unemployment, it has a devastating effect on the individual, family, and economy. Unemployment defined by the Encyclopedia Britannica is the conditionRead MoreMinimum Wage And Its Effect On The Economy1015 Words   |  5 PagesThe In today’s society, people face to many serious issues which affect the society both in a positive and negative ways such as increasing the employment rate and increasing the unemployment rate. The increasing of unemployment rate is caused by some reasons, and one of the problem that causes the high unemployment rate is the issue of minimum wage. Depending on the states in U.S., the price of minimum wage is different, but the low minimum wage may cause the economic condition worse. MinimumRead MoreSociology Of Work : Good Jobs, Bad Jobs989 Words   |  4 Pages background This paper is a final essay assignment for SOC 3421W which is â€Å"Sociology of Work: Good Jobs, Bad Jobs, No Jobs?†. This essay is about â€Å"No Jobs† in America today, and the effects of a jobless situation on individuals, and my policy recommendations for increasing good jobs, reducing bad jobs, and eliminating no jobs will be described in this essay. This sample is the first part of the essay which includes introduction and some parts about the term, causes and consequences. I have someRead MoreIntroduction. The Rising Unemployment Has Generated Challenges1381 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The rising unemployment has generated challenges in low income communities. Unemployment involves a situation where people in a particular community are actively seeking employment but the employment rates are low. The increased rates of unemployment are contributed to by factors such as recession periods that adversely affects the economy. Impacts on the economy in turn affect the labor force leading to loss of employment and reducing the rates of employment opportunities in the countryRead MoreThe Positive and Negative Aspects of Job Migration943 Words   |  4 PagesApril to June 2013).This essay seeks to evaluate the positive and negative impacts of labor migration. This research will begin by evaluating the economic effects of job migration it will then proceed to investigate the social effects. In the process it will be highlighted that the impacts of migration are balanced. Main body Economical effects Job migration has negative and positive impacts on economy. All countries take taxes from migrants. Migrants fail to pay taxes in their home country, butRead MoreUnemployment And Its Effects On America926 Words   |  4 Pagesquarter month 2014 to date† (Bolen). Unemployment is the one of the biggest poverty problems in America. But what is unemployment? Unemployment is described as when people are looking for job within the past four weeks and can’t find work, however, it can also mean an economic condition that is marked by the fact that individuals actively seeking jobs remain unhired (Unemployment Definition). Unemployment affects the United States economic system, and the society in this nation. The United States

Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Incentives MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Intrinsic Motivation and Extrinsic Incentives. Answer: Introduction In the present environment of highly competitive market, every organization irrespective of its market and industry size acknowledges the significant role of the employees in the success of the company and therefore, endeavors to hold on to them (Pinder 2014). In order to retain them and enhance the organizational effectiveness, the companies have to create a positive and strong relationship with its employees and motivate them to achieve the best performance level. The organizations also develop various strategies to help the members achieve their goals in competitive markets and improve their performance. Presently there has been a rising awareness among the organizations that the human capital is one of the main assets and that if the employees are motivated to strive to excellence, it becomes much easier for the leaders and managers to attain success for the organization (Olafsen et al. 2015). However, the motivating factors for the employees tend to vary from employee to employe e; while some are motivated by personal achievement, others are driven by financial security. It is very important for the organizational leaders to understand the needs and expectations of the employees from their job and incorporate them in the organizational policies and environment. Three articles have been chosen from the Journal of Organizational Behavior to evaluate the fact that which motivational factors work the most as the stimuli for the employees. Similarities among the Articles Three of the articles try to reach the factors of motivation from different angles yet they contain some certain points of similarity among them. Two of the articles written by Conway et al. (2015) and Fernet, Gagne and Austin (2010) refer to the intrinsic motivational factor. The intrinsic motivational aspects are those activities that are done for ones own sake, as it seems satisfying and interesting in themselves. This is, however a part of the self-motivation theory and the article written by Conway et al. (2015) indeed refer to the application of this theory and its characteristics on the clergy of Church of England. This article, in fact helps to recognize the relationship between daily well-being of the organization members and the calling enactment by applying the self-determination theory. On the other hand, the article written by Fernet, Gagne and Austin (2010) admits the influence of self-determined motivation while performing any job then further divulges into discovering the influence of relationship among the workers that can trim down their burnout. Moreover, the similarity lies between the study conducted by Fernet, Gagne and Austin (2010) and Zhang et al. (2015) in terms of the research methods also. Both the studies use data collection method in order to reveal the factors affecting motivation. Furthermore in three of the articles there is significant insight on ideal HRM practices where all the writers have agreed that trust on management and higher level of HRM practices have immense impact on employee efficiency. The research done by Zhang et al. (2015), in line with the two others, in fact, directly refer to the effectiveness of high HRM practices in terms of performance appraisal, rewards and compensation as well as managing employee involvement and interpret that these have a positive result on increasing employee motivation in the job. Besides, the studies unanimously conclude that the companies should identify the underlying needs of t he employees. As these requirements are satisfied, the employees will be self-motivated and ultimately focus on their jobs. Differences among the Articles Although three of the articles focus on the same topic of motivation, they differ in approach and hence, naturally there will be differences among them. In the first place, the article by Zhang et al. (2015) seeks motivational aspect in the external resources i.e. the pay for performance or PFP. It explores the fact whether PFP undermines or promotes the performance of the employees in Chinese firms and whether this reward centric approach of business firms can relate to the factor of creativity. This article is essentially grounded on HRM theories and practices especially dealing with the recruitment, promotion and appraisal of performances. While this article is based on some extrinsic motivational factors stated in self-determination theory stimulated by external rewards, the article by Fernet, Gagne and Austin (2010) refers to intrinsic motivational factor like relationships among the employees. The research strives to identify the role of this sociable work environment as releas ing emotional burnout. The interpretation of the research reveals that the employees who exhibit lower self-determined motivation can certainly be benefited from this intrinsic factor of released burnout due to high-quality relationships at workplace. While conducting the research the researchers have paid considerable attention to the principal causes that generates burnout among the employees and whether there is any contribution of the lack of motivation in this. The examiners have also investigated the function of health-protecting factors that can potentially shield the employees from having burnout. Significantly, the researchers try to find here the function of work motivation created by the high quality relationships among the employees driving them towards success. The third study conducted by Conway et al. (2015) dealt with a different perspective on intrinsic features like calling and motivation. Now, the calling perspective on motivation has not been mentioned in two oth er articles. Calling in modern terms refers to the autonomy in the process and meaning of the work. As Conway et al. (2015) states, the calling enactment is the inner drive of an employee with self-determination and this actually ensures the well-being of the members while they are associated with the organization. The study explores the potential of calling i.e. the intention or motivation of a person to do the work. Hence, the difference among the articles lies in that they seek to explore motivating factors for different circumstances and naturally, the emphasis is placed on different resources. Although these three articles have focused on different aspects of HR practices of a business organization, primary objective of all the articles is to provide a vivid picture about the role of human resource management. These three articles have concentrated on the importance of Human resource management department of an organization to motivate the employees to give their best performance to achieve the organizational goal. The development of an organization is highly dependent on employees performance. Human resource managers play crucial role to improve the quality of the employees performance (Wang, Noe and Wang 2014). Human resource department of a business organization works as a link between the organizational authority and staff members. By providing training and development program to the employees, human resource managers influence the performance of the employees. According these articles the relationship among the coworkers also plays a significant role in the organizati onal performance. Human resource managers establish a strong relation among the fellow workers and provide healthy and friendly atmosphere within the organization. It boosts the motivation of the employees. It is the responsibility of the HR manager to inform them about the positive impact of team work and motivate them to work as a team. It will change the scenario of organizational structure. Employees will work as a team to achieve the common goal. As per these articles, human resource managers play crucial role in involving the employees in the decision making process of the organization. It provides a sense of importance among the employees. They will feel as an important part of the organization by such practices. It will motivate them to contribute to build a bright future for the organization. It is important for a team to communicate with each other as well as interact with the organizational authority. It will be beneficial to provide a clear picture about the organization al objective. It will motivate the employees to improve the quality of their performance to achieve the organizational target. These three articles are interrelated. These three articles have concentrated on the impact of human resource managers in motivating employees. Employees are the key element of an organization. The success of the organization depends on the performance of each of the employees. It is important for the organizational management is to improve the quality of the performance of each of the employees to fight against other rival organization, as in this competitive era, every business organization is facing tough competition from their competitors. Business organizations are incorporating new and innovative techniques every now and then to provide quality service to their consumers. It will be beneficial for the organization to survive in the competition. Thus, every business organization is relying on the human resource department to improve the performance quality of their employees. HR practices are an integral part of the organizational strategy (Barrick, Mount and Li 2013). It covers almost all the areas of organizational functions. It is a key function of human resource department to motivate the employees to foster the growth of the organization. These three theories have concentrated on motivational function of human resource managers. HR managers often implement various strategies to build a strong relation among the employees. They are highly responsible to maintain healthy and friendly relation within the organization, as it is important to provide a friendly atmosphere to the employees to ensure the growth of the organization. In order to achieve the organizational target, human resource managers must maintain a transparent relation with the employees by providing clear idea about the organizational target. It will make the employees to feel as an important part of the organization. The human resource managers must involve the employees in an organizational decision making process. It may generate a creative idea. It may lead the organization to earn des ired target and put a strong footprint in the industry. Moreover, it will motivate the employees and increase commitment towards the organization. It will improve employees performance as well as organizational performance (Montano and Kasprzyk 2015). Use of the Interpretation in the Organizational Structure Any organization that is facing various challenges due to the rise of various rival companies can implement motivational theory to boost the performance of the employees. Human resource managers of that organization can conduct various programs where they can share their vision with the employees. It will provide a strong platform to the employees to share their opinion over an issue. It will establish a strong relation among the employees and organizational authority which is beneficial for the development of the organization. Such program will motivate the employees to implement efficient strategies to achieve the desired target of the organization and establish a better future for the organization. Any business organization that is experiencing various challenges due to the low performance of the employees must motivate the employees (Cerasoli, Nicklin and Ford 2014). Human resource managers of that organization must review the performance of the employees frequently. It will help them to identify the weak performers. Human resource managers can organize various development programs where they can provide training session to enhance the employees skills. HR managers will be able to know their work experience as well as the issues they are facing in their work place. By identifying the actual problem of the weak performer, HR managers can resolve the issues to promote the performance of the employees. There are several obstacles that an employee can face to give their best performance, such as- health issues, psychological issues. Human resource managers must scrutinize the actual reason behind the low performance rate of that particular employee. It will help the HR manager to resolve the issue and foster the growth of the organization. In this case human resource manager must monitor the performance graph of the employees to maintain to understand the growth of the employees as well as the growth of the organization. The human resource managers must be capa ble of interacting with the employees in an effective manner. It will help them to maintain effective relation with the employees which will be beneficial to overcome all the issues facing by the organizational management due to low performance rate of the employees (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). Conclusion Reviewing the three articles, it can be said that all of them try to reach the same conclusion on how the organizations can employ motivational factors effectively according to the given circumstances. The articles also make it evident that both the extrinsic and the intrinsic factors of self-determination are important for stimulating the employees; however, the result should be to create such an environment that drives them automatically. Therefore, all the managers need to find the means suitable for their circumstances and purposes and the cumulative wisdom concluded from these articles are likely to show positive result as in the case of the chosen organization situation. References Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Barrick, M.R., Mount, M.K. and Li, N., 2013. The theory of purposeful work behavior: The role of personality, higher-order goals, and job characteristics.Academy of Management Review,38(1), pp.132-153. Cerasoli, C.P., Nicklin, J.M. and Ford, M.T., 2014. Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic incentives jointly predict performance: A 40-year meta-analysis.Psychological bulletin,140(4), p.980. Conway, N., Clinton, M., Sturges, J. and Budjanovcanin, A. 2015. Using self-determination theory to understand the relationship between calling enactment and daily well-being. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(8), pp.1114-1131. Fernet, C., Gagne, M. and Austin, S. 2010. When does quality of relationships with coworkers predict burnout over time? The moderating role of work motivation. [online] Available at: https://selfdeterminationtheory.org/SDT/documents/2010_FernetGagneAustin_JOB.pdf [Accessed 1 May 2017]. Montano, D.E. and Kasprzyk, D., 2015. Theory of reasoned action, theory of planned behavior, and the integrated behavioral model.Health behavior: Theory, research and practice (. Olafsen, A.H., Halvari, H., Forest, J. and Deci, E.L., 2015. Show them the money? The role of pay, managerial need support, and justice in a self?determination theory model of intrinsic work motivation.Scandinavian journal of psychology,56(4), pp.447-457. Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Wang, S., Noe, R.A. and Wang, Z.M., 2014. Motivating knowledge sharing in knowledge management systems: A quasifield experiment.Journal of Management,40(4), pp.978-1009. Zhang, Y., Long, L., Wu, T. and Huang, X. 2015. When is pay for performance related to employee creativity in the Chinese context? The role of guanxi HRM practice, trust in management, and intrinsic motivation. [online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yong_Zhang158/publication/275718296_When_is_pay_for_performance_related_to_employee_creativity_in_the_Chinese_context_The_role_of_guanxi_HRM_practice_trust_in_management_and_intrinsic_motivation_PFP_Guanxi_HRM_Practice_and_Creativity/links/571f80b808aed056fa234b66/When-is-pay-for-performance-related-to-employee-creativity-in-the-Chinese-context-The-role-of-guanxi-HRM-practice-trust-in-management-and-intrinsic-motivation-PFP-Guanxi-HRM-Practice-and-Creativit.pdf [Accessed 1 May 2017].

Lorenzos Oil Essays - Methylphenidate, RTT, , Term Papers

Lorenzos Oil Larry Hood Project IV STEPS 2 & 3 Article 1 1. What is property P? Increase in brain activity 2. What is the sample? The 16 boys 3. What is the population? All children 4. What is the implicit question? Why is there a difference in brain function between normal kids and kids with ADHD. 5. What is not the implicit question? Do all children have a property p? 6. What type of argument? Sampling 7. what did they look at? They looked at 16 children who were diagnosed with ADHD six were not. 8. IQ: Is there a difference in brain function between normal kids and kids with ADHD? 9. NOT: Do all children have a difference in brain function? Schematization S1 6% of school children suffer from ADHD and require medication. S2 They looked at 16 children between 8 and 13 who were diagnosed with ADHD six were not.. S3 Ritalin is the drug used to treat children with hyperactive and aggressive behavior. S4/C1 ADHD children react differently than normal kids when given Ritalin S5 Children with ADHD exhibit problems like poor listening and poor impulse control.. S6 Healthy children have a decrease in brain activity when given Ritalin. C2 Ritalin has no positive effect on behavior in healthy children Article 2 1. What type of argument? Correlation 2. What is A ? GIK treatment (glucose insulin and potassium) 3. What is B? Reduction in heart attack deaths. 4. Causal Mechanism? Clogged arteries 5. What is the implicit question? Why does oxygen nourishment (GIK)to the heart reduce heart attack deaths? 6. NOT- What caused a reduction I Heart attacks? 7. Which rival explains why a and b occur together? Forward cause Rival - Those that received treatment did not have clogged arteries. The argument in the article is a correlation argument. There is a correlation between A the GIK treatment and B the reduction in heart attack deaths. The arguer believes there is a correlation because of a prior study. This study was originally conducted in 1960. And had showed and overall reduction in heart attack death rate by half. This study was discarded however because of poorly conducted clinical tests. These tests led many doctors to doubt that it worked. The study conducted called GIK for glucose, insulin and potassium nourishes t65he heart muscle that are deprived of oxygen immediately following a heart attack. The causal mechanism are clogged arteries that reduce the flow of oxygen to the heart. The researches need to continue the study of the treatment along with the treatment for clogged arteries to consider this a strong argument. Many of the findings are undermined by the fact that many of the patients that survived were receiving clot busting drugs combined with the G IK treatment. This is relevant data to support the conclusion. S1 Patients who received the GIK treatment combined with clot busting drugs have a better chance of surviving a heart attack. S2 The treatment provides energy to the heart muscle during and immediately after a heart attack. C1 If doctors use the GIK treatment combined with clot busting drugs the heart attack death rate will decrease. Article 3 1. What is A? the CHD1 gene 2. What is B? Causes heart disease. 3. What is causal mechanism? Bad diet and lack of exercise 4. Is the Author saying one thing cause another? Yes 5. What is the implicit question? Why does the gene appear to promot heart disease? 6. NOT - What caused the heart disease. 7. This could be common cause because there are environmental factors that could be the cause of A and B. Rival - The gene caused the body to over produce cholesterol which collects in the arteries and cause blockage of blood flow to the heart. The argument for the article is a correlation argument. There is a correlation between A the CHD1 gene and B heart disease. The arguer believes there is a correlation because of the study of the 75 families who had a history of early heart disease. The causal mechanism is Bad diet and lack of exercise. Relevant data to support the conclusion would be causes of arterial blockage and how many of the children had high levels of cholesterol. If the children had high levels of cholesterol in their blood this would be relevant data to support the conclusion. I believe this is a weak argument. S1 10% of the families in the study were

Types of Meat Consumed in the Middle Ages

Types of Meat Consumed in the Middle Ages The average medieval cook or housewife had access to a variety of meat from both wild and domesticated animals. Cooks in the households of the nobility had a fairly impressive selection available to them. Here are some, but by no means all, of the meat medieval people would consume. Beef and Veal By far the most common meat, beef was regarded as coarse and was never considered exclusive enough for the nobility; but it was very popular among the lower classes. Though more tender, veal never surpassed beef in popularity. Many peasant households had cows, usually only one or two, that would be slaughtered for meat once their days of giving milk had passed. This would usually take place in the fall so that the creature would not have to be fed through the winter, and whatever was not consumed at a feast would be preserved for use throughout the months ahead. Most of the animal was used for food, and those parts that werent eaten had other purposes; the hide was made into leather, the horns (if any) might be used for drinking vessels, and the bones were occasionally used to make sewing implements, fasteners, parts of tools, weapons, or musical instruments, and a variety of other useful items. In larger towns and cities, a substantial portion of the population had no kitchens of their own, and so it was necessary for them to purchase their meals ready-made from street vendors: a kind of medieval fast food. Beef would be used in the meat pies and other food items these vendors cooked if their customers were numerous enough to consume the product of a slaughtered cow in a matter of days. Goat and Kid Goats had been domesticated for thousands of years, but they were not particularly popular in most parts of medieval Europe. The meat of both adult goats and kids was consumed, however, and the females gave milk that was used for cheese. Mutton and Lamb Meat from a sheep that is at least a year old is known as mutton, which was very popular in the Middle Ages. In fact, mutton was sometimes the most expensive fresh meat available. It was preferable for a sheep to be from three to five years old before being slaughtered for its meat, and mutton that came from a castrated male sheep (a wether) was considered the finest quality. Adult sheep were most often slaughtered in the fall; the lamb was usually served in the spring. Roast leg of mutton was among the most popular foods for nobility and peasant alike. Like cows and pigs, sheep might be kept by peasant families, who could make use of the animals fleece regularly for homespun wool (or trade or sell it). Ewes gave milk that was frequently used for cheese. As with goat cheese, cheese made from sheeps milk could be eaten fresh or stored for quite some time. Pork, Ham, Bacon, and Suckling Pig Since ancient times, the meat of the pig had been very popular with everyone except Jews and Muslims, who regard the animal as unclean. In medieval Europe, pigs were everywhere. As omnivores, they could find food in the forest and city streets as well as on the farm. Where peasants could usually only afford to raise one or two cows, pigs were more numerous. Ham and bacon lasted a long time and went a long way in the humblest peasant household. As common and inexpensive as keeping pigs was, pork was favored by the most elite members of society, as well as by city vendors in pies and other ready-made foods. Like cows, nearly every part of the pig was used for food, right down to its hooves, which were used to make jellies. Its intestines were popular casings for sausages, and its head was sometimes served on a platter at festive occasions. Rabbit and Hare Rabbits have been domesticated for millennia, and they could be found in Italy and neighboring parts of Europe during Roman times. Domesticated rabbits were introduced to Britain as a food source after the Norman Conquest. Adult rabbits more than a year old are known as coneys and show up fairly frequently in surviving cookbooks, even though they were a rather expensive and unusual food item. Hare has never been domesticated, but it was hunted and eaten in medieval Europe. Its meat is darker and richer than that of rabbits, and it was frequently served in a heavily-peppered dish with a sauce made from its blood. Venison There were three types of deer common in medieval Europe: roe, fallow, and red. All three were a popular  quarry for aristocrats on the hunt, and the meat of all three was enjoyed by the nobility and their guests on many an occasion. The male deer (stag or hart) was considered superior for meat. Venison was a popular item at banquets, and in order to be sure of having the meat when it was wanted, deer were sometimes kept in enclosed tracts of land (deer parks). Since the hunting of deer (and other animals) in the forests was usually reserved for the nobility, it was highly unusual for the merchant, working, and peasant classes to partake of venison. Travelers and laborers who had reason to stay at or live in a castle or manor house might enjoy it as part of the bounty the lord and lady shared with their guests at mealtime. Sometimes cookshops were able to procure venison for their customers, but the product was much too expensive for all but the wealthiest merchants and nobility to purchase. Usually, the only way a peasant could taste venison was to poach it. Wild Boar The consumption of boar goes back thousands of years.   A wild  boar was highly prized in the Classical world, and in the Middle  Ages, it was a favored quarry of the hunt. Virtually all parts of the boar were eaten, including its liver, stomach and even its blood, and it was considered so tasty that it was the aim of some recipes to make the meat and innards of other animals taste like that of  boar. A boars head was often the crowning meal of a Christmas feast. A Note on Horse Meat The meat of horses has been consumed ever since the animal was first domesticated five thousand years ago, but in medieval Europe,  horse  was only eaten under the  direst  circumstances of famine or siege. Horse meat is prohibited in the diets of Jews, Muslims, and most Hindus, and is the only food ever to be forbidden by  Canon Law, which led to its being banned in most of Europe. Only in the 19th century was the restriction against horse meat lifted in any European countries. Horse meat does not appear in any surviving medieval cookbooks.   Types of FowlTypes of Fish Sources and Suggested Reading by Melitta Weiss Adamson edited by Martha Carlin and Joel T. Rosenthal edited  by C.M. Woolgar, D.  Serjeantson  and T. Waldron edited by E.E. Rich and C.H. Wilson by Melitta Weiss Adamson

FICO Scores for Clients

FICO Scores for Clients Adding insult to injury, is a tough economy, where collections of all kinds have become problematic. Which is why businesses are doing their â€Å"due diligence† to make sure that customers have a history of timely payments, and that they are in good financial health before signing on the dotted line.  This is determined What is a FICO score? Its simply a 3-digit number that reflects your credit-worthiness. Think of it as being like a grading system. And we all have one, if weve financed a purchase like a house or a car, or a big ticket item. This score takes into account your history with lenders, what types of credit you have had, and how long youve had a credit history. The score ranges from 300-850.  As business owners, freelancers should follow suit and apply a similar type of screening to assess potential clients. Why? Because late and missed payments can impact our quality of life, cause undue hardship, and make it difficult to provide for our families.  And though you can’t obtain their credit information per se, there are ways for you to easily research and analyze the backgrounds of potential clients to detect red flags and assess the likelihood of future pay and profitability.  FICO SCORING FOR FREELANCE CLIENTS AND PROJECTS  FFeedback. When you perform a Google Search on the individual or compan y, do you see any complaints? Are Blog comments typically positive? How about reviews through Amazon or consumer websites? Be wary if there’s a lot of negative press or shady activities reported.   IImage. Is their branding smart and savvy? Is their marketing message clear and effective? Would you â€Å"buy into† what they’re selling? Does the company have a blog? Is it updated regularly with quality posts? What are the analytics at their site? Do they get a lot of visitors? To check and assess visit ALEXA.COM for details. Alexa is a website that provides stats on sites traffic, demographics, and success metrics.   This is something to consider in your evaluation process.  CContinuity. How long has the individual or business been in operation? Has it been under the same structure and affiliation? Or have they been in and out of different projects and pursuits under different names or titles? The point here is that you don’t want to be affiliated with a â€Å"fly You’ve worked hard to land work. But, if you can’t collect what you’ve earned, you’ve toiled in vain.  Though there’s always a degree of risk when applying to freelance positions, you can protect yourself Remember, ignoring red flags could ultimately keep your business in the red.

Last Healthcare statistics using Excel Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Last Healthcare using Excel - Statistics Project Example The law of diminishing marginal utility refers to the state that when an individual increases the consumption of a commodity and at the same time keeping the consumption of other products constant, there is a decrease in the in the marginal utility that the individual originates from consuming each extra unit of that commodity (Zubair & Habibah, 2011). The consumer surplus refers to the economic measure of a consumer satisfaction that is calculated by evaluating the difference between what the consumers are ready and able to pay for a good or service virtual to its market price (Zubair & Habibah, 2011). The case of a consumer surplus will probably occur when the consumer is ready and able to pay more for a given product or service than the current market price. The producer surplus refers to the economic measure of the difference between the value that a producer of a commodity receives and the least amount that the individual would be willing and able to accept for the commodity (Zubair & Habibah, 2011). Therefore, the surplus or difference is the benefit that the producer receives for selling the commodity in the market. When the number of producers increase in a market, the supply will automatically decline due to the excess suppliers who are will and able to supply goods and services. The price of supply will also fall. Advancement in technology will create a rise in supply because relevant information on where to supply next will be easy to know. An increase in technology leads to an increase in supply. This is a non-price

Legal Underpinnings of Business Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal Underpinnings of Business Law - Assignment Example The business does not enjoy a distinguished legal entity from the owner of the business otherwise referred to as the entrepreneur in other professional terms. When the business sustains liabilities and debts, the owner is personally liable. Furthermore, if Tinker’s Home Security Service breaches a pre-agreed contract with one of the associates such as a supplier, then the associate has the legal permission to sue the owner of the business and hold him responsible for gross misconduct. Personal assets of the owner among them land, car, home, and other personal possessions are always at risk in case of a lawsuit. In contrast to Tinker’s Home Security Service, the other forms of business namely; Tinker and Tailor’s Home Security Service, LLC (LLC), Tinker and Tailor’s Home Security Service, Inc (corporation), Tinker and Tailor’s Home Security Service (LP), as well as Tinker and Tailor’s Home Security Service (general partnership) have a spate legal entity different from the owners. As opposed to sole proprietorship, if the court of law of legal authority with oversight roles finds any of them liable for gross misconduct, the plaintiff in the case has limited permission to recover from the assets owned by the business. The case is only different where there are exceptions. However, it is essential to identify that in spite of the limited legal freedoms enjoyed by sole proprietorship, it entails several advantages. The only escape through which the owner of Tinker’s Home Security Services can escape unscathed from a law suit is by seeking for the best legal advice. It is crucial especially when the business is defending itself against a lawsuit by a plaintiff in the case. One of the greatest opportunities is that attorneys are not necessary in such scenarios. The success of the case or the defence depends on the presentation of facts and the prevailing circumstances. Seeking professional assistance by the owner of

The Ottoman Empire Paper Essay Example for Free

The Ottoman Empire Paper Essay The Ottoman Empire was one of the ancient yet one of the most powerful and influential world empires.   The history of this empire begins sometimes during the 13th century.   In their bid to enlarge their territory they took no consideration to any limits or boundaries be it religious, tribal or otherwise.   This empire is also viewed as one of the civilized empires of the modern times. The empire was more of a military administration than a state.   The empire is considered to have lasted a considerably longer time than any other empire.    The rulers of this empire were known as Sultans or Hunkar or Emperors and were all Islam.   Suleyman the Great was the Sultan who ruled the longest while Amurath ruled for only three months making him the shortest ruling sultan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The sultans always emerged from the Ottoman family who were strict followers of the Quran.   Honesty, hard work and charity were principles that led the Ottoman Empire.   Sermons were always read in the name of the reigning Sultan at that time.   Any property belonging to the Sultan was known as Royal or imperial.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Having discussed that much on the establishment and general history of the Ottoman of the empire, it is of utmost importance to now look at the empire more critically and find out impacts of the Ottoman Empire especially on the Umma Muslims.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Though the Ottoman Empire was one of the most powerful and civilized ancient empires of the world, it also had its weak points during its reign.   This paper specifically focuses on some of those weak points and particularly the mismanagement that was witnessed when the empire was in power leading to division among the Umma Muslims.   A critical analysis of the Ottoman Empire reveals various setbacks that the dynasty experienced and this affected directly or indirectly the unity of the Ottoman Muslims. According to the traditions of the Ottoman Empire, when a Sultan died one of his sons would become the next Sultan.   However there were no proper strategies as to who would become the next Sultan. There was therefore no clear criterion of selecting a Sultan. This led to bloodshed as the one who eventually emerged victorious had to eliminate his rivals for order and calmness to prevail.   This obviously went against the teachings of the Muslim religion.   Some Muslims supported the method while others were totally opposed to it as it contravened the teachings of the Holy Quran.   This led to division among the Muslims.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another issue that led to the division of the Umma Muslims was the level of respect accorded to the sultans.   The Sultans were almost equated to Allah the God of the Muslims.   For instance during prayers sermons were read in the name of the current Sultan.   Some Muslims however felt that this was blasphemous because ordinarily sermons were supposed to be read in the name of Allah the Mighty one.   This therefore led to division among Muslims thereby breaking the unity between them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As discussed earlier Sultan Suleyman served for 40 years and therefore goes down the history of books as the longest serving Sultan.  Ã‚   The major role of the Sultan was to ensure that justice and fairness was exercised.   Cases of injustice were rare as the Sultan made sure that the laws were followed to the letter.   Any injustice and unfairness called for the direct intervention of the Sultan. Scholars and theologians believe that one of the reasons why the Ottoman dynasty declined and eventually collapsed was because the Sultans who succeeded Sultan Suleyman were not keen on protecting the interests of the citizens in terms of justice.   The neglect by their leaders led to Umma Muslims to lack loyalty for their leaders and thereby there was disunity among them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Sultan died his son Selim II took over the leadership of the dynasty. His behavior was absolutely intolerable and contributed a great deal in causing disunity among the Muslims.   He was an addict of alcohol and would spend most of his days drinking therefore forgetting his administrative role.   He was also a lover of women and a sex addict vices that are heavily condemned in the Holy Quran.   Due to his negligent nature, he completely disengaged himself from making decisions that affected the common people directly or indirectly.   This made the Muslims to be disloyal to the Sultan and thereby led to a lot of division. As a consequence the Ottoman dynasty came tumbling down marking the end of the great dynasty. (Paul, 1971)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the end of the sixteen century Ottoman was still a very strong dynasty and influential too.   However the Sultan style of leadership was slowly becoming unpopular thus losing ground.   In its place was the bureaucratic power method of ruling.   However this method of power was actually the pathway to the decline and collapse of the world’s most influential empire.  Ã‚   This was so because bureaucracy led to corruption neglecting the needs and interests of the people.   As a result, there was a lot of unpopularity of the government among the common people.   This led to division among the Muslims and eventually the dynasty collapsed. (Leslie, 2003)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Historians also believe that another major contribution to disunity among the Ottoman Muslims was inequality by successors of Sultan Suleiyman.   As discussed earlier during the reign of Sultan Suleiyman the Central government was accessible so that any person who had grievances would present them before the leaders.   However with the change of leaders, the new leaders ranked themselves so highly that they were not accessible.   The Muslims lost faith in their leaders; consequently there was disunity and eventual collapse of the dynasty. The leaders promoted people to power without using the right criteria.   There was gross unfairness and this brought about strife among the common people.   This in turn led to divisions among the Muslims as some felt that they were discriminated against in their own country.   At some point the leaders exuded high level of negligence as far as matters pertaining people were concerned.   The common people revolted and as a result there was disunity.   This led to internal attacks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another major issue that brought about division due to poor management of power by the leaders was the issue of succession upon the death of a Sultan.   As already discussed if the deceased Sultan was without an heir or that he had several sons there was stiff contest that always led to bloodshed.   Scholars strongly believe that this may have played a major role in division of the Umma and the eventual collapse of the kingdom.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A notable distinction between the Ottoman Empire and other empires was that they were during the Ottoman Empire there was freedom especially for the non-Muslims to practice their own religion.   This brought division among the Muslims as some felt that other religions were equated to their religion and this they found to be very offensive.   As a result there were massacres and discrimination.  Ã‚   This led to a great division among the Muslims most of whom felt that though no religion should be equated with the Muslim religion Massacre was a sin as it contravened the Holy Quran.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There was also an element of divide and rule that leaders in power used in attempt to gain popularity.   The leaders would therefore incite the people against their own.   The people fought each other over small disputes but this was the plan of the leaders in order to rule them more easily.   This was a great power mismanagement that saw the Muslims divide into big factions depending on whose side they actually belonged. (Shaw, 1977)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There was great self-centeredness and selfishness among the leaders which again brought division.   This was especially so when it came to sharing of resources.   There was unfair sharing and distribution of resources that brought hatred and thus division among the Muslims.   The leaders only considered themselves and their families forgetting the rest of the people.   Some people felt sidelined and as a result there were factions and consequently these groupings led to division among the Umma Muslims.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another challenge that the Ottoman Empire faced was classification of Muslims.   The Shia Muslims, the Umma and other classifications.   Every class felt that they dominated the rest.   This again brought about division because all classes of Muslims felt that they would want to be considered superior to the rest.   This eventually brought about division among the Muslims as no group agreed to be treated as lesser of the other.   The major division came about when some groups demanded that the rest of the groups must convert and become one of their own.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Division also arose when the dynasty made arrangements to fight other kingdoms.   The empire could not reach an agreement as to who would go to the war.   This again brought division because those not selected felt that they were not given an opportunity to fight for themselves thus there were differences on these grounds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is also clear mismanagement of the empire by the leaders when they did not give ample protection to their own.   Most of the promises made by their leaders were never fulfilled or honored.   The leaders who took after Suleiman put their interests first and forgot the people.   The people were neglected and those who were treated well were just a small group.   This discrimination resulted to obvious indifferences thereby there was disunity among people who were once united.(Donald,2005) As discussed earlier, after the death of sultan Suleyman, so many things changed.   Corruption was very rampant especially when it came to provision of basic social amenities to the people.   Services that were normally offered free had to be paid for and as result there was agitation and revolt among the people leading to division.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There was a gross alteration of rules, laws and policies that governed the people.   The leaders made alterations in their favor.   The common people were very disappointed and began to rebel.   The rebellions and revolts ended up in bringing divisions among the once united Umma Muslims community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The other major cause of rift was education in that there are those who were provided with good quality education while the rest could only access the traditional education.   This in turn was reflected in terms of development so that those with high quality education were seen to develop more than the rest.   This led to social classification and thereby division.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From the various issues discussed it is very clear that decline and eventual collapse of the Ottoman kingdom was caused by issues affecting them internally and not attacks and conquest by Europe and other world powers.   It is the mismanagement by their leaders that led to the division of the Umma Muslims and finally the most powerful and influential dynasty in the ancient times collapsed. Works Cited Quartaert Donald. The Ottoman Empire. London, Cambridge University Press, 2005 Peirce Leslie. Law and Gender in the Ottoman Court, New York. University of California Press, 2003 Shaw Stanford. History of the Ottoman Empire. London, Cambridge University Press, 1977 Wittek Paul. Rise of the Ottoman Empire, Turkey, B. Franklin, 1971

Essay example --

Hey Teacher, leave recess alone! In her Huffington Post blog article titled Here’s One Way to Wreck a Child’s Education: Take Away Recess, Haley Krischer takes an emboldened stand against the practice of eliminating recess; which is often done as a punishment or to make more time for instructional learning. I stand in agreement with Krischer. I do not agree with schools taking away recess for any reason with the exception of dangerous weather or environmental circumstances. Yet, research indicates how common the 86-ing of recess is occurring in schools. A study by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (2010) revealed 77% of school Principals reported taking away recess as a punishment, and 81.5% of schools allow students to be excluded from recess. Krischer begins the article by introducing her 9 year old son and his affinity for recess: â€Å"the only subject he will talk about†. She gives examples of how recess benefits her son such as other students who help him troubleshoot technology issues and challenging him to improve his sports skills. Indeed, the unstructured playtime allows children to explore their environment and develop new ideas and understandings of it and those within it (American Pediatric Association, 2013). Kischer also expressed that children need active play to combat restlessness and that this is especially important for children who may suffer from ADHD, noting that taking away recess as a punishment for misbehavior may be counterproductive and result in increased behavioral problems. A longitudinal study that followed over 10,000 students between the ages of 8 and 9 concluded that student recess of at least 15 minutes resulted in better behavior as rated by teachers (Samuels, 2009). Case studies of boys with at... ...er, H. Here's One Way to Wreck a Child's Education: Take Away Recess . 2013. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.com/hayley-krischer/heres-one-way-to-wreck-a-childs-education-take-away-recess_b_4149596.html National Organization for Sport and Physical Education (2006). POSITION STATEMENT. Retrieved from http://www.aahperd.org/naspe/standards/upload/recess-for-elementary-school-students-2006.pdf Ridgeway,A., Northup, J., Pellegrin, A.,LaRue, R., & Hightshoe, A. (2003). Effects of Recess on the Classroom Behavior of Children With and Without Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. School Psychology Quarterly, 18(3), 253. Robert Johnson Wood Foundation (2010). State of Play. Retrieved from FENTON communications website: http://www.playworks.org/sites/default/files/d6/StateOfPlayFeb2010.pdf Samuels, C. A. (2009). RECESS AND BEHAVIOR. Education Week, 28(20), 4.

Actor Audience Relationship

Actor Audience Relationship In my most honest opinion, I believe the ideal actor audience relationship is something that transcends the normal criteria for a performer/audience relationship. It can be a passive or active relationship, for both types fulfill their purpose-creating emotional stimuli- on some level. There is an unspoken, unseen connection between those in the seat and those in the stage. Both viewer and actor feed off each other, whether it is the subtle shedding of a tear from the front row or the impact of a tomato on an underwhelming performer’s face.There wouldn’t be an audience without actors and vice versa for the audience pays for a ticket to be entertained and the actor performs to entertain the audience. What an audience member wants from an actor/production could be anything; a reminisce of a lost love, resonating a political reservation, a laugh-all these differentiating factors form the distinction that the way an audience acts towards a play t otally up to the VIEWER.It’s their emotional responses; a play does not dictate one how to act but it is the responsibility of the actors and crew to produce emotions. Though on one hand some plays seem more fit to be taken more actively (Rocky Horror) and some more passively (Romeo and Juliet) because of their contextual meanings and how the production as a whole sees itself. A play full of beautiful monologues and sonnets is meant for the more passive viewer, to be soaked into the mind amidst audience silence where musicals sometimes prompt one to move their body and even sings.Some plays might not mean anything to an audience member so they will remain totally at the end of the passive spectrum just watching actors and waiting to leave their seat. The audience shapes the performance by acting as to whom the playwright wrote for before the production hit the stage. A good playwright knows the audience/anticipation of an audience influences the juxposition of critical dramat ic beats. So automatically the audience influences the script, something has to be written that will draw people into the seats.Also the audience shapes the overall performances and charisma of actors for those who smile and applaud actively at one’s performance will encourage an actor to commit even further into â€Å"the illusion† while being booed might can an actors fumble his lines and throw the performance off balance, thus losing â€Å"the illusion†. Furthermore the audience also acts as critics, regarding the chances and reception of future performances. Most importantly, the audience is what pays the bills of everyone involved with the show.Without the audience providing encouragement, criticism and money-there wouldn’t be the modern conception of a play. Ultimately I feel that the role of the audience should remain varied. Too much participation may not be right for some plays and too little participation may make you look like a lame duck (Rock y Horror for an example). Maybe that is why most plays institute the standard â€Å"fourth wall† rule, separating the stage from the audience because it would ruin â€Å"the illusion† of the so-called realism plays.The appeal of audience involvement theorized by the playwright Augusto Boal’s theatrical form of breaking down the â€Å"fourth wall† so everyone can participate in the drama seems to be on the rise again, for the evolution of the there world is giving way to experimental writers and directors who encourage audience involvement In the end I feel that Boal’s ideas may be too much of a good thing, and the actor-audience relationship is one where the audience mutes themselves (aside from laughter and applause) and lets the actors on stage be the sole center of attention where the activity of communication/reaction is transported passively to the viewer. (1) Felner, Mira. The World of Theater: Tradition and Innovation. 2006, Pearson.

Role Of The Discipline In Developing A Child’s Self-Esteem

1. What role do you think discipline plays in developing a child’s self-esteem? What forms of discipline best serve the self-esteem of the child or adolescent? I think discipline plays a vast role in developing a child’s self-esteem , it determines the way children collaborate with the public and theirs cause and effects to what may happen to the child depending on the way they were disciplined as a minor, such as knowing the difference from punishing and abusing a child.Punishing a child too harshly can scar them for life and have them grow up with low self-esteem and not giving those enough punishments that they deserve might turn the child into a monster. The forms of discipline that best serves the self-esteem of a child might include boundary-based discipline, and emotion coaching. 2. List and discuss how activities, clubs, or sports, impact the self-esteem of children and parents. Provide at least two activities, clubs, or sports in your answer.Children that parti cipate in sports, clubs, etc. are more likely to have a high self-esteem because self-esteem partially comes from accomplishments and success and when children succeed in the sports and clubs that they are devoted in will give them that satisfactory that they have been striving and working hard for. Such as basketball players working hard on different techniques on how to win a game, that takes time, effort, and determination.But after that big win, the trophies, the crowds going wild over what you’ve succeeded, it puts the child/athlete on top, making them thrilled over what they’ve just accomplished leading to high self-esteem. Being involved in a debate club also gives you that boost of excitement knowing that whatever your thinking is being heard and your knowledge is being shared with those who are present, after winning versus someone else gives you that high self-esteem, because you’ve just accomplished a great self-achievement.

Efficient Memory Techniques for Better Performance

Efficient Memory Techniques for Better Performance Invincible 5 Memory Practices For The Examination Commencing revision barely a day to the examination can be dangerously imprudent as it does not guarantee a good performance. In the same breath, jamming the materials at the 11th hour is also ill-advised, and you should strive to prepare in advance. Lack of preparation leaves you irritably exasperated as you will be trying to remember something you read but to no avail. This feeling of anger will eat into your exam time because you will be pondering how the situation would have been if only you had read and had all the content at your fingerprints. Going blank in an exam room is a situation most students are well acquainted with from personal experiences. Nevertheless, you can evade because it is possible to turn your mind into you’re the biggest resource and as research shows, the human mind can accommodate large amounts of information. 1. Intertwined Revision Most subjects teach related knowledge and as such, reviewing this subject independent of each other is not a sensible thing to do. Studies show that linking previous knowledge with new ones increases the level of comprehension. The question that remains is, what is the explanation behind this fact? To put things into more perspective, paint this picture in your mind. Assume that the knowledge you possess is a road map in your mind and each time you learn something new, that is a different street you are adding to the plan. When you need to access specific material, your brain will run through different corridors to track that information. Develop a virtual map in your mind Identify the different topics that you need to study and draw the connection between them in your mind. Additionally, identify the topics that you are already conversant with and the knowledge you possess. This move will aid you in linking the connection between the topics. 2. Get enough sleep Students believe that burning the midnight oil studying is a sure way to getting good grades in an examination. However, this could be not any further from the truth as research proves that getting enough rest is vital for refreshing and rejuvenating your mind. Adequate sleep aids the processing of new information learned. Prepare a study timetable After you learn of the exam date, prepare a study timetable indicating which topic you will tackle and at what time. Early preparation will go a long way to help you get that grade you so desire, and you will be able to get enough sleep the night before the examination. 3. Talking reinforces remembrance Narrating a story evokes your memory as you will feel the need to tell it exactly how it happened without omitting any details. Again, research shows that people tend to recall things better if they are to tell it as a story to other people. As a student, you should take advantage of this, tell a friend what you learned detail by detail, in the process, the information is most likely to stick to your memory. Pen down a revision article Find something that interests you and builds your revision story based on it. Imagine individuals, objects, places or symbols and assign each of these a topic, formula, or the fact that you need to memorize. This technique has been proven to be effective as it not only makes the learning process simpler, it provokes you to dig deeper into your creative abilities. 4. Revise! Revise! Revise! Revising is not as fun as compared to other activities like playing video games or surfing on your computer, and it is easier to have wishful thinking that we could take one look at the materials and that will do. Still, revision is a chief factor that will determine your performance in an examination. Revision enables you to identify the areas you are weak in and focus your concentration on those topics. Find study mates   The benefits of a study group are quite significant. Explaining a concept, you have learned to a friend increases your understanding of the matter. At your request, your study mates can ask you difficult questions to determine your preparedness and level of knowledge. At times it can be a challenge finding a study group you will be comfortable in and freely interact. Strange enough, you could record yourself recounting what you have learned and play it later on. 5. Reflection as memory heightening technique Scientists have established that reflecting heightens your memory although there have not been specific details explain how this happens. The presumption is, reflection develops imaginative and attentiveness. The development is due to the quiet and peaceful environment that meditation requires. Moreover, reflection helps you unwind and relieve pressure, and this might be a good way to spend your time before the examination. Look for a reflective instruction guide Credit to technology, instructional guides on reflection are on the internet or various mobile applications. Make an effort to follow a ten-minute meditation for a couple of days or weeks and observe if you will notice any changes (improvement) in your attentiveness when studying. Different students have different needs, and some may not find reflection an effective method of preparing for their examination. There are other ways of revising that require a lot more exertion, but they are worth the while as they are effectual. According to psychologists, approximately a month of practice is needed to alter a mental routine. My advice is, attempt the above memory practices and examine whether studying become an easier and enjoyable experience for you.

Being True To Yourself When Selling Your Wares

Being True To Yourself When Selling Your Wares I do not normally sell books at events like Christmas sales at the recreation center or autumn craft festivals. I learned a long time ago that unless you simply enjoy socializing with other vendors, you rarely justify the time invested. But last week I accepted one . . . and realized why I quit doing them. Im a member of several chambers of commerce, which are great networking, advertising, and sales opportunities, Hmmm, I thought. Its twelve miles from me, costs nothing to appear and sell, and the captured audience was educators. Shouldnt they read more than the average person? So, I signed up and hauled eight boxes of books. And I sold three books in four hours. As I packed up, kicking myself for not following my own rule about being selective about appearances, I talked to a few vendors. None of us sold much (there were 25 vendors), which surprised us all (few of us will be back next year). A jewelry vendor spoke about coming to work everyday. Even working for herself out of her home, she toils for eight hours. She complained that newer sales people in her line of work wanted to work part-time to make a full-time wage. She never failed to fall back on her old skills of making eye-contact with potential buyers and working a room. She made a full-time living at her craft. A soap vendor and I spoke about natural products, organic food, and farming. She rued appearing at the event but had pretty much made her decision like I had it was too local to pass up. Shed ignored her own advice like I had. She likewise strategically selected venues, and she defined the sizes, compositions, and types of events where shed appear, because like me, she could make more sales online at her computer than at a table in an auditorium. You dont sell anywhere and everywhere. Your time is precious. You could be selling online, blogging, working social media, or writing your next story. When selecting where to set up shop, analyze the market, the time, the commute, and the work progress you give up. The cost of meals, and the time expended

The Columbian Exchange had significant global consequences for Europe, Essay

The Columbian Exchange had significant global consequences for Europe, The Americas, as well as for Africa - Essay Example The most significant items that moved from Americas to the other parts of the world were potatoes and corn, which were economical to grow and nourishing. Potatoes supplied fundamental vitamins and overtime the crops became a crucial and steady part of diets across the planet. Nevertheless, traffic across the Atlantic never travelled in one direction since the Europeans introduced several livestock animals in Americas that included horses, sheep, pigs, cattle and sheep. Foods from Africa as well as the crops that came from Asia were moved to the west through the European ships. Some features of the exchange had disastrous impacts on Native Americans since disease was part of the exchange. For instance, diseases brought by Europeans like smallpox and measles resulted in death of many Native Americans (Bulliet 519; â€Å"The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade† 572-574). ... tive populations by diseases demanded labor that was met by forced movement of more than 12 million Africans in the period between the 16th and 19th century (McCook 13; Nunn and Nancy 164). There are many infectious diseases that resulted from Columbian exchange the main killers being malaria, smallpox, measles and chicken pox. Since Native Americans never experienced the diseases prior to the coming of the Europeans, the natives were immunologically defenseless. Before the invasion of the Europeans who initiated Columbian exchange, Native Americans lived in an environment relatively free of diseases since they never suffered from smallpox, measles, chickenpox or malaria. The exchange of food in the old and new worlds during Columbian exchange had considerable consequences in the world history since it increased the global provision of agricultural foods through the introduction of new species. Moreover, the invention of the Americas presented the old world with a vast amount of comp aratively uninhabited land that was suited for farming of certain crops in demand within the old world markets. Food crops such as coffee, soybeans, sugar, oranges and bananas were pioneered in the Americas and the Americas became main suppliers of those crops globally (Nunn and Nancy 163). Introduction of the various calorically rich staple crops had the benefit of growing the crops in climates that were inappropriate for cultivation of other staples. The American food crops have various demands on soil, cultivation and weather compared to former staple crops since they have different growing seasons. The American crops never compete with old world crops but rather complement them since the American crops enabled farmers to produce food in soils that were previously rated as useless

Degree in a Language Other than Ones Mother Tongue Article

Degree in a Language Other than Ones Mother Tongue - Article Example When the entire coursework one has to read and comprehend for the degree is in a language other than one’s mother tongue, it calls for an extra effort to see to it that everything is properly understood. It is definitely going to be tougher task than reading study materials in one’s own language. One has to assume that the student will be tested to have basic proficiency in the medium of instruction in which the degree is to be studied. However, a basic proficiency in the language may not be sufficient to follow different registers of the language. A degree course will necessarily feature a lot of specialist vocabulary that the student is supposed to pick up fast. For a foreign user of the language, it may take double the time to pick up such specialist words, since their explanations will also demand a working level knowledge of the language. This may in fact lead to initial hiccups which would dissuade many students from continuing the course. They may feel left out f rom the group of students who are more proficient and at ease in the medium of instruction.The problem mentioned above can in fact be overcome and turned into a benefit if the student is willing to dedicate quality time in enhancing her/his knowledge in the language simultaneously with the work done for the degree course. At least two dictionaries could be used to meet the challenges of the new language– one dictionary gives explanations of the words in the new language to the students mother tongue, and another dictionary gives simple explanations of the words in the new language

The Pledge of Allegiance should be said in public schools Research Paper

The Pledge of Allegiance should be said in public schools - Research Paper Example The pledge is a promise that Americans make to their country. ‘Allegiance’ means that one is loyal to the country. The flag is the symbol of America. ‘Republic’ means a democratic space where people are guaranteed the rights to take part in electioneering politics and voting processes. ‘One nation’ stands for a unified America. â€Å"Under God† symbolizes the people’s reverence of God as the source of blessing upon America. ‘Indivisible’ means that the states of America should not divide for any reason. ‘Liberty’ means that the people have freedom to pursue their interests without inhibition while ‘justice for all’ means that everyone in America would be treated fairly according to the law and the founding values of the country. Having been created in 1892, The Pledge of Allegiance should be said in public schools. It is a historical reminder of what America is about. The magazine, ‘The Youth’s Companion’ on September 8, 1892 published the words of the Allegiance Pledge. It intended to have students recite it at school during the commemoration of Columbus Day in 1892. On October 12, 1892, an approximated 12 million children in America recited the word of the Pledge of Allegiance, marking the beginning of what would become a school tradition in America (Streufert, para 1). ... Streufert (para 3) further added that only a half of the states currently have laws that encourage the recitation of the pledge by children in classrooms. This shows of how the great significance of the Pledge of Allegiance has waned in the country. The Pledge of Allegiance has been met with several challenges in the recent times because of the addition of the phrase ‘under God’ to it. According to Conton (para 1-2), the phrase ‘under God’ has brought several lawsuits that challenge the pledge as violating equal rights of the multicultural diversity in America. Kevin Conton is the national editor for CNN in Massachusetts. The latest lawsuits that challenge the pledge on grounds of religious discrimination have always failed one after the other. The basis of their failures in courts across the U.S. is because the Pledge of Allegiance does not have a compulsory clause that forces one to recite it if they feel that it violates their equal rights (Conton para 6) . Despite the ongoing legal battles of the constitutionality of the phrase ‘under God’ in the Pledge of Allegiance, Americans should understand one fact that the pledge does not criminalize those who feel violated from reciting it. There are several inevitable values that American citizens should remind themselves of through recitation of the pledge in public schools. It does not mean that everyone in public schools should be forced to recite it. However, American children who feel obliged to reconnect with American values and history through recitation of the Pledge of Allegiance should be given an opportunity to do so because they have the liberty to enjoy that freedom. The differences in opinions of those who support the Pledge of Allegiance and those oppose it could just be a healthy part of

Significant Market Position Toshiba Marketing Essay

Significant Market Position Toshiba Marketing Essay Toshiba is a strong and respected name in the market with a well-deserved reputation for innovation, high performance and reliability. We have represented the brand in Ireland since 1982 and, by combining our strengths with those of Toshiba, we have carved out a significant market share. Broad diversified product portfolio Toshiba is a diversified manufacturer and marketer of advanced electronic and electrical products. Its product portfolio includes information and communications equipment and systems, internet based solutions and services, electronic components and materials, power system, industrial and social infrastructure systems, and household appliances. Strong research and development Toshiba has strong commitment to research and development programs. In an average year Toshiba is awarded more than 5,000 patents, many of which find their way either directly or indirectly into our multi-functional office solutions products. Enhancement of customer satisfaction Adhering to the Toshiba Group Customer Satisfaction Policy established in 2003, we aim to enhance customer satisfaction (CS) through the provision of safe and innovative products, systems and services as well as through communication with customers. Toshiba Group Customer Satisfaction Policy We make the voice of customers the starting point for all ideas and provide products, systems and services that deliver customer satisfaction. We provide products, systems and services that are safe and reliable. We respond to requests and inquiries from customers sincerely, rapidly and appropriately. We value the voice of customers and endeavor to develop and improve products, systems and services to deliver customer satisfaction. We provide appropriate information to customers. We protect personal data provided by customers. Weaknesses High debt In fiscal 2008, Toshiba placed a high priority on recovering its drastically eroded shareholders equity. The company is now making efforts to reduce debt in order to establish a solid financial profile by March 2012. Towards this goal, the company announced a policy to constrain capital investment, particularly in the semiconductor business. Standard Poors considers Toshibas conservative financial policy to be further evidenced by the implementation of a number of planned financial activities. These include capital enhancement through an increase in common stocks and the refinancing of short-term debt by the issuance of subordinated bonds. Standard Poors will closely monitor whether the company can improve its financial indicators as planned, through the consistent reduction of fixed costs and capital investments. Lack of manpower After four months of struggle and weeks of intense negotiations, workers and management at Toshiba Consumer Products Indonesia reached a settlement: 682 workers will be reinstated, but 15 local union leaders will not get their jobs back. Over leveraged financial position Year over year, Toshiba Corporation has seen revenues fall from $80.4B to $76.6B. This along with an increase in the cost of goods sold expense has led to a reduction in the bottom line from $1.7B to $925.7M. Ubiquitiouegory, products, services Cloud services will become truly ubiquitous, omnipresent. It is the broader access to most recent content and information plus the benefit of a vast social community contributing to its discovery and consumption adding, recommending, rating and prioritizing content and information that will make cloud services an increasingly indispensable element in consumers evolving digital lifestyle. Sun Zi said: When victory is long overdue, weapons will be blunt and the morale (and motivation) of the troops will be adversely affected. In war, it is better to go for swift victories rather than engage in prolonged military campaigns. Sun Zi also said: Therefore, generals who do not thoroughly comprehend the inherent dangers of deploying troops are unlikely to understand the advantages of using troops. Opportunities Market Recently Toshiba just launch the 12 new products in the Bangladesh. Bangladesh have a large population approximately 160 million. Toshiba has working with Smart Technologies BD Limited (STBL) Bangladesh Company since last 3 years. In this 3 year, Toshiba Company found that Bangladesh market impressive increase in term of sales volume and growth. Bangladesh is developing and has high potential in market. Global expansion It can let the profit or income of the Toshiba Company to increase or growing the market value of the Toshiba Company among the world. The popularities can also increase by this way. Without affecting quality and customer service, global expansion can maximizing profitability in all areas of the Toshiba Company. For instance, by developing the new marketing strategies in those regions, it can make let Toshiba Companys loyalty customers to buy their products. Global expansion can also help to leads to leveraging of expertise. With global expansion, leveraging any know-how or expertise in overseas production is prudent. Future plans Toshiba aim to double its annual profit in three year. The worlds No.2 maker of NAND flashes chips, behind the Samsung electronics. The firm is going to shift its focus to emerge economies and growing market after the demand for television fall dramatically than expected in the previous year. Besides that, Toshiba Company also interested in making money through nuclear power, they plan to buy 20 percent of share from the U.S nuclear power company in the next January. Toshiba is going to invest about $4.3 billion dollar to build new flash memory facility, in order to catch up the leader Samsung electronics, aiming to triple its manufacture capacity. Moreover, Toshiba plan to roll out a home storage battery system that can keep the appliances running for a good part all the day long. Toshiba developed a storage battery system that makes use of the Toshiba technology for rechargeable batteries. This storage battery can work up to 12 hour. Threats Competition Being an electronic company, in this environment of course there will be a lot of competitor. For example, the competitor for the Toshiba Company likes Samsung, Apple, HP, Dell, and other company that focus electronic production. These companies have created threats for the Toshiba Company. The tablets that made by Toshiba is not really attracted by consumer, because Apple and Samsung are leading on this market products. Besides that, Toshiba main production is notebook, although this is their priority product, but a lot of competitor also produces various type of notebook. Although they made a quality, productivity and user friendly notebook, but Toshiba still behind the other competitor that leading them by brand name position on customer heart. External changes This changes is depends on the government taxes and politics in the certain country that the Toshiba company invest in. First and foremost, government taxes and politics have created a burden to all company. As taxes increase its have the same effect that the company need to cover the cost of the good that rise such as electricity and input, all company are established because their purpose is profit.

STD PREVENTION Essay -- essays research papers

Abstinence And STD Prevention Today’s world is full of worries and problems which did not affect teens a generation ago. New problems keep appearing in today’s world, such as STDs, increased pregnancy rates, and other factors facing teens who choose to have sex. Emotionally and physically teens and getting less developed before having sex and are not prepared for the serious problems which come along with their decision to have sex. No longer is it a matter which will just go away if we ignore it, but teen health and the health of our society depend on choices which today’s teens make regarding sex. With so many diseases and problems facing today’s world, abstinence is the only way to protect ourselves. Abstinence is a safe choice in preventing the possibility of pregnancy. One-tenth of young women between the ages of 15 and 19 get pregnant every year, 83 percent of these pregnancies are unwanted or unplanned. Half of the unmarried teens who get pregnant do so within six months of their first sexual experience. In fact, between 1986 and 1990, teen childbearing increased by 16 percent. What’s worse, pregnant teenagers often don’t see a doctor until the time of delivery. Another serious problem surrounding teen sexual intercourse is the probability of AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Each year, three million teens are infected with STDs. Among 14- to 20-year-olds, chlamydia is the most common. It has no obvious symptoms, and can cause infertility i...

Jewellery Design Essay

The topic of this paper introduces jewellery design and development in Asia, and the problem which will be solved in this report is â€Å"why and how has Asian jewellery has changed over time and what has influenced its development?† Jewellery design is a relatively new industry although it derives from ancient activities such as goldsmith. Nowadays, jewellery design has been developed into a modern art that utilizes numerous skills. In this paper, Asian jewellery design will be researched and analyzed due to its unique style and different material chosen that attracts people all over the world. Specifically, the evolution of Asian jewellery design will be mentioned with a brief introduction of some jewellery in different period of time, while several design principles will be illustrated. In addition, the impact of the evolution and the reason why the evolution happens will also be discussed in the report. Moreover, some relevant content, such as famous designers and famous wearers, will be included, as well as the modern market trends. The research of the topic question will be conducted first by using library research, including analysis of historical records and documents. After gathering all data and information relevant to the topic, an analysis of the change and development of Asian jewellery design will be conducted in order to identify the evolution process and the impact of the Asian jewelry design. This paper itself has been divided into sections for ease of reading and explanation of the importance of cross-media promotion. In section 2, the research question will be completely introduced, and the literature review will be included in section 3. After that, the research method will be discussed in section 4, and an analysis and synthesis will be shown in section 5 and 6. In section 7 and 8, there will be research results and conclusion. Research Question This research paper was developed as part of CQUniversity’s Master of Creative Enterprise’s Arts Administration Research course requirements. The topic of Asian Jewellery is of particular personal interest to the researcher. This paper considers why and how has Asian jewellery has changed over time and what has influenced its development? It will also consider why people like or dislike certain styles of jewellery and the people and companies which design the jewellery. This paper also considers how jewellery has become an essential fashion accessory for the contemporary person. How it complements clothing and a person’s overall look. A comparison of styles and influences will also be undertaken. Different styles are also considered and as part of this topic, cultural influences (countries) and their effect on designs and style of every-day jewellery. Literature Review Generally speaking, jewelry may have several meanings, including status symbol, accessories, meaningful symbols, etc. People living in top class of a society normally wear many different expensive jewelries types every day, which can be considered as a status symbol showing other people how rich they are. In addition, normal people wear jewelries mainly as accessories in order to make them look prettier. Moreover, some religion will let their believers wear jewelries to show their faithfulness and to make them believe that they are totally blessed and prevented from any harmful things. In this case, jewelries can be also taken as a symbol of group membership. In Asia, specifically, there is thousands of years’ history of jewelry manufacture with several different uses among various cultures, especially in India and China. In ancient Asian cultures, jewelry was normally worn by women in order to show their status, beauty and wealth. It is recorded that the history of jewelry making can be traced back to over 5,000 years ago, which has been regarded as the longest continuous legacy in the area of jewelry. Jewelry making started in the Indus Valley Civilization which is located in the position of Pakistan at present. (REF) In China, jewelry making started around 5,000 years ago, the same period as India. However, it did not become popular until the spread of Buddhism 2,000 years ago. In China Material Speaking of material, in ancient China, silver was used more frequently than gold. In early Chinese jewelry, blue kingfisher feathers were introduced and were tied onto jewelry as a kind of decoration. Later, in jewelry design, blue gems and glass showed up, and they were added into jewelry. However, in terms of stone, jade was the undoubtedly most popular material. An ancient Chinese says like that: â€Å"gold is estimable, but jade is priceless.† The reason people favored jade is its quality, including hardness, durability, smooth, beauty, etc. The design of the first jade jewelry in ancient China was quite simple. However, the design evolved drastically as time goes on. Even, it is evident that compound milling machines were involved in the jade jewelry produced between the 4th and 7th centuries BC. Types There were numerous different types of jewelry in China. Surprisingly, very few earrings were found by modern archaeologists. The most common jewelry is amulets that normally cut with some traditional Chinese symbols or Buddhism symbols in order to keep the wearer safe. In addition, there are also differences between men’s jewelry and women’s jewelry. For instance, women’s head decoration is very detailed and complex, mainly made by gold and silver and other items such as jade, while men’s only decorative jewelry is the hat button, made by silver or gold that showed the man’s rank. Symbolize Moreover, in terms of the symbols cut on the jewelry, there were some common traditions in ancient China. For instance, the long (dragon) and Fenghuang (phoenix) were the symbol of power and the long (dragon) mean was the power of nature and universe, wisdom and longevity. Fenghuang (phoenix) was the King of Birds, that is a legendary bird, and it is meaning five virtues of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and sincerity. In Chinese history, normal people could not use the dragon symbols on their jewelry because the famous five clawed long (dragon) was the unique symbol representing the Chinese emperor. Also, the symbol of Fenghuang (phoenix), which is phoenix, was another royal symbol, representing the empress. Citizens were not allowed to use such symbols, or they would be sentenced to death.